വനിത സമ്മതിദാനം
സ്ത്രീകൾക്ക് തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പിൽ വോട്ട് രേഖപ്പെടുത്താനും മൽസരിക്കാനുമുള്ള അവകാശം പത്തൊമ്പതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടീന്റെ അന്ത്യം മുതൽക്ക് മാത്രമാണ് പ്രചാരത്തിലായി തുടങ്ങിയത്.
അന്ന് സ്വയം ഭരണ ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് കോളനി യായിരുന്ന ന്യൂസിലാണ്ട 1893ൽ വനിതകൾക്ക് വോട്ടവകാശം നൽകി.
അയൽ പ്രദേശമായ ദക്ഷിണ ഓസ്ട്രേലിയ 1895 ൽ വോട്ടവകാശത്തിനു പുറമെ മൽസരിക്കാനുള്ള അനുമതിയും സ്ത്രീകൾക്ക് നൽകി
റഷ്യൻ സാമ്രാജ്യത്തിനു കീഴിലായിരുന്ന ഫിൻലാൻഡാണ് വനിതാ സമ്മതിദാനാവകാശം നൽകിയ ആദ്യ യൂറോപ്യൻ രാജ്യം.1907ൽ സമ്മതിദാനാനുമതിയോടൊപ്പം വനിത പാർ ലമന്റ് അംഗങ്ങളെയും രാജ്യത്തിനു ലഭിച്ചു.
ഒന്നാം ലോക യുദ്ധത്തിനു ശേഷം വനിത സമ്മതിദാനത്തിനു പ്രചാരമേറിയെങ്കിലും 1944 മാത്രമാണ് ഫ്രാൻസും 1971ൽ സ്വിറ്റ്സർലാണ്ടൂം വനിതകളുടെ അവകാശം അനുവദിച്ചത്.
മിക്ക രാജ്യങ്ങളലും ഈ അവകാശം അനുവദിച്ചു കിട്ടാൻ അവകാശ സമരങ്ങൾ വേണ്ടീവന്നു.
സ്തീകൾക്കെതിരിലുള്ള എല്ലാവിധ വിവേചനങ്ങളും അവസാനിപ്പിക്കുന്ന മാർഗ്ഗ നിർദ്ദേശങ്ങൾ(Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women,) ഐക്യരാഷ്ട്രസഭ 1979ൽ പുറത്തിറക്കി.ഇതിൽ സമ്മതി ദാനവകാശം കണിശമായി പ്രതിപാദിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു.
രാജ്യം | ആദ്യമായി വനിതാ സമ്മതിദാനം നൽകപ്പെട്ട വർഷം. | Notes |
---|---|---|
Kingdom of Afghanistan | 1963 | |
Principality of Albania | 1920 | |
Algeria | 1962 | |
Andorra | 1970 | |
People's Republic of Angola | 1975 | |
Argentina | 1947[1] | |
Armenia | 1917 (by application of the Russian legislation) 1919 March (by adoption of its own legislation)[2] |
|
Aruba | N/A | |
Australia | 1902 | |
Austria | 1919 | |
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic | 1918 | |
Bahamas | 1960 | |
Bahrain | 2002 | |
Bangladesh | 1972 | |
Barbados | 1950 | |
British Leeward Islands (Today: Antigua and Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Anguilla) | 1951 | |
British Windward Islands (Today: Grenada, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica) | 1951 | |
Belarusian People's Republic | 1919 | |
Belgium | 1919/1948 | Was granted in the constitution in 1919, for communal voting. Suffrage for the provincial councils and the national parliament only came in 1948. |
British Honduras (Today: Belize) | 1954 | |
Dahomey (Today: Benin) | 1956 | |
Bermuda | 1944 | |
Bhutan | 1953 | |
Bolivia | 1938 | |
Botswana | 1965 | |
Brazil | 1932 | |
Brunei | 1959 | Elections currently suspended since 1962 and 1965. Only in local elections are they permitted.[3] |
Kingdom of Bulgaria | 1938 | |
Upper Volta (Today: Burkina Faso) | 1958 | |
Burma | 1922 | |
Burundi | 1961 | |
Kingdom of Cambodia | 1955 | |
British Cameroons (Today: Cameroon) | 1946 | |
Canada | 1917 (except for Quebec), 1940 (all Provinces) | |
Cape Verde | 1975 | |
Cayman Islands | N/A | |
Central African Republic | 1986 | |
Chad | 1958 | |
Chile | 1949 | From 1934-1949, women could vote in local elections at 25, while men could vote in all elections at 21. In both cases, literacy was required. |
China | 1947 | In 1949 the People's Republic of China (PRC) replaced the Republic of China (ROC) as government of the Chinese mainland. The ROC moved to the island of Taiwan. The PRC constitution also recognises women's equal political rights with men. |
Colombia | 1954 | |
Comoros | 1956 | |
Zaire (Today: Democratic Republic of the Congo) | 1967 | |
Congo, Republic of the | 1963 | |
Cook Islands | 1893 | |
Costa Rica | 1949 | |
Côte d'Ivoire | 1952 | |
Cuba | 1934 | |
Curaçao | N/A | |
Cyprus | 1960 | |
Czechoslovakia (Today: Czech Republic, Slovakia) | 1920 | |
Kingdom of Denmark (Including Greenland, the Faroe Islands and, at that time, Iceland) | 1915 | |
Djibouti | 1946 | |
Dominican Republic | 1942 | |
Ecuador | 1929 | |
Egypt | 1956 | |
El Salvador | 1939 | |
Equatorial Guinea | 1963 | |
Estonia | 1917 | |
Ethiopia (Then including Eritrea) | 1955 | |
Falkland Islands | N/A | |
Fiji | 1963 | |
Grand Principality of Finland | 1906 | |
France | 1944 | |
French Polynesia | N/A | |
Gabon | 1956 | |
Gambia, The | 1960 | |
Democratic Republic of Georgia | 1918 | |
Germany | 1918 | |
Ghana | 1954 | |
Gibraltar | N/A | |
Greece | 1930 (Local Elections, Literate Only), 1952 (Unconditional) | |
Guam | N/A | |
Guatemala | 1946 | |
Guernsey | N/A | |
Guinea | 1958 | |
Guinea-Bissau | 1977 | |
Guyana | 1953 | |
Haiti | 1950 | |
Honduras | 1955 | |
Hong Kong | 1949 | |
Hungarian Democratic Republic | 1918 | |
India | 1947 | In 1947 India achieved freedom from centuries of colonial rule and granted equal voting rights to all men and women |
Indonesia | 1937 (for Europeans only), 1945 | |
Iran | 1963 | |
Iraq | 1980 | |
Ireland | 1918 (partial) 1922 (full) |
From 1918, with the rest of the United Kingdom, women could vote at 30 with property qualifications or in university constituencies, while men could vote at 21 with no qualification. From separation in 1922, the Irish Free State gave equal voting rights to men and women. |
Isle of Man | 1881 | |
Israel | 1948 | Women's suffrage was granted with the declaration of independence |
Italy | 1946 | |
Jamaica | 1944 | |
Japan | 1947 | |
Jersey | N/A | |
Jordan | 1974 | |
Kazakh SSR | 1924 | |
Kenya | 1963 | |
Kiribati | 1967 | |
Korea, North | 1946 | |
Korea, South | 1948 | |
Kuwait | 2005 | |
Kyrgyz SSR | 1918 | |
Kingdom of Laos | 1958 | |
Latvia | 1917 | |
Lebanon | 1952[4] | Proof of elementary education is required for women but not for men, while voting is compulsory for men but optional for women.[5] |
Lesotho | 1965 | |
Liberia | 1946 | |
Kingdom of Libya | 1964 | |
Liechtenstein | 1984 | |
Lithuania | 1918 | |
Luxembourg | 1919 | |
Macau | N/A | |
Madagascar | 1959 | |
Malawi | 1961 | |
Federation of Malaya (Today: Malaysia) | 1957 | |
Maldives | 1932 | |
Mali | 1956 | |
Malta | 1947 | |
Marshall Islands | 1979 | |
Mauritania | 1961 | |
Mauritius | 1956 | |
Mexico | 1947 | |
Micronesia, Federated States of | 1979 | |
Moldavian SSR | 1940 | |
Monaco | 1962 | |
Mongolian People's Republic | 1924 | |
Morocco | 1963 | |
People's Republic of Mozambique | 1975 | |
Namibia | 1989 | |
Nauru | 1968 | |
Nepal | 1951 | |
Netherlands | 1919 | |
New Zealand | 1893 | |
Nicaragua | 1955 | |
Niger | 1948 | |
Nigeria | 1958 | |
Norway | 1913 | |
Oman | 2003 | |
Pakistan | 1947 | |
Palau | 1979 | |
Panama | 1941 | |
Papua New Guinea | 1964 | |
Paraguay | 1961 | |
Peru | 1955 | |
Philippines | 1937 | |
Pitcairn Islands | 1838 | |
Poland | 1917 | |
Portugal | 1931 | |
Puerto Rico | 1929 | |
Qatar | 1997 | |
Kingdom of Romania | 1938 | |
Russia | 1917 | |
Rwanda | 1961 | |
Saint Helena | N/A | |
Saudi Arabia | Never | Women were not given the right to vote or to stand for the local election in 2005, although suffrage was slated to possibly be granted by 2009,[6][7][8] then set for later in 2011, but suffrage was not granted either of those times.[9] In late September 2011, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud declared that women would be able to vote and run for office starting in 2015.[10] |
Samoa | 1990 | |
San Marino | 1959 | |
São Tomé and Príncipe | 1975 | |
Senegal | 1945 | |
Seychelles | 1948 | |
Sierra Leone | 1961 | In the 1790s, while Sierra Leone was still a colony, women voted in the elections.[11] |
Singapore | 1947 | |
Sint Maarten | N/A | |
Solomon Islands | 1974 | |
Somalia | 1956 | |
South Africa | 1930 | White women only; women of other races were enfranchised in 1994, at the same time as men. |
Spain | 1931 | |
Ceylon (Today: Sri Lanka) | 1931 | |
Sudan | 1964 | |
Suriname | 1948 | |
Swaziland | 1968 | |
Sweden | 1921 | |
Switzerland | 1971 | |
Syria | 1949 | |
Taiwan | 1947 | |
Tajik SSR | 1924 | |
Tanzania | 1959 | |
Thailand | 1932 | |
Timor-Leste | 1976 | |
Togo | 1945 | |
Tonga | 1960 | |
Trinidad and Tobago | 1946 | |
Tunisia | 1959 | |
Turkey | 1930 (for local elections), 1934 (for national elections) | |
Turkmen SSR | 1924 | |
Tuvalu | 1967 | |
Uganda | 1962 | |
Ukrainian SSR | 1919 | |
United Arab Emirates | 2006 | Limited suffrage for both men and women[12][13] |
United Kingdom (Then including Ireland) | 1918 (partial) 1928 (full) |
From 1918-1928, women could vote at 30 with property qualifications or as graduates of UK universities, while men could vote at 21 with no qualification. |
United States | 1920 | 1920 ഏപ്രിൽ 26 നു ഭരണഘടനയുടെ 19- ആം ഭേദഗതി പ്രകാരം സ്ത്രീകൾക്ക് വോട്ടവകാശം ലഭിച്ചു |
Uruguay | 1917/1927 | Women's suffrage was broadcast for the first time in 1927, in the plebiscite of Cerro Chato. |
Uzbek SSR | 1938 | |
Vanuatu | 1975 | |
Vatican City | Never | See below under Catholicism |
Venezuela | 1946 | |
Vietnam | 1946 | |
South Yemen (Today: Yemen) | 1967 | |
Zambia | 1962 | |
Southern Rhodesia (Today: Zimbabwe) | 1919 | |
Yugoslavia (Today: Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia) | 1945 |
അവലംബം
[തിരുത്തുക]- ↑ Gregory Hammond, The Women's Suffrage Movement and Feminism in Argentina From Roca to Peron (U of New Mexico Press; 2011)
- ↑ Simon Vratsian Hayastani Hanrapetutyun (The Republic of Armenia, Arm.), Yerevan, 1993, p. 292.
- ↑ "Women still denied voting rights". Newstrackindia.com. 2007-05-12. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
- ↑ [Women's spring: Is Lebanon ready for a feminist political party? Read more: http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/Feb-24/164431-womens-spring-is-lebanon-ready-for-a-feminist-political-party.ashx#ixzz1rkch52gR Archived 2019-05-19 at the Wayback Machine. (The Daily Star :: Lebanon News :: http://www.dailystar.com.lb Archived 2020-09-20 at the Wayback Machine.)]
- ↑ "Lebanon". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 2019-09-12. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
- ↑ "Women voters will have to wait until 2009". Citymayors.com. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
- ↑ "At least 2 years wait". Saudigazette.com.sa. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
- ↑ Logged in as click here to log out (2008-07-29). "Hello, democracy – and goodbye". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
- ↑ "No votes for women in Saudi municipal elections". Reuters.com. 2011-03-28. Archived from the original on 2011-09-01. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
- ↑ ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: അസാധുവായ
<ref>
ടാഗ്;Reu01
എന്ന പേരിലെ അവലംബങ്ങൾക്ക് എഴുത്തൊന്നും നൽകിയിട്ടില്ല. - ↑ http://www.economist.com/node/12775514?story_id=12775514
- ↑ United Arab Emirates parliamentary election, 2011
- ↑ "UAE's second election has low turnout". http://www.realclearworld.com. 2011-09-24. Archived from the original on 2012-04-07. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
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ഇതും കാണുക
[തിരുത്തുക]- Women suffrage time line-NMHM Archived 2014-03-07 at the Wayback Machine.